- Qt 6.10
- Qt Qml
- The QML Reference
- Signal and Handler Event System
- Qt 6.10.3 Reference Documentation

Property Binding ◦ The QML Type System

# Signal and Handler Event System

Application and user interface components need to communicate with each other. For example, a button needs to know that the user has clicked on it. The button may change colors to indicate its state or perform some logic. As well, application needs to know whether the user is clicking the button. The application may need to relay this clicking event to other applications.

QML has a signal and handler mechanism, where the signal is the event and the signal is responded to through a signal handler. When a signal is emitted, the corresponding signal handler is invoked. Placing logic such as a script or other operations in the handler allows the component to respond to the event.

## Receiving signals with signal handlers

To receive a notification when a particular signal is emitted for a particular object, the object definition should declare a signal handler named on<Signal>, where <Signal> is the name of the signal, with the first letter capitalized. The signal handler should contain the JavaScript code to be executed when the signal handler is invoked.

For example, the Button type from the Qt Quick Controls module has a `clicked` signal, which is emitted whenever the button is clicked. In this case, the signal handler for receiving this signal should be `onClicked`. In the example below, whenever the button is clicked, the `onClicked` handler is invoked, applying a random color to the parent Rectangle:

     import QtQuick
     import QtQuick.Controls

     Rectangle {
         id: rect
         width: 250; height: 250

         Button {
             anchors.bottom: parent.bottom
             anchors.horizontalCenter: parent.horizontalCenter
             text: "Change color!"
             onClicked: {
                 rect.color = Qt.rgba(Math.random(), Math.random(), Math.random(), 1);
             }
         }
     }

Note: Even though signal handlers look a bit like JavaScript functions, you should not call them directly. If you need to share code between signal handlers and other functionality, refactor it into a separate function. Otherwise always emit the signal if you want the signal handler to be called. There can be multiple handlers, in different scopes, for the same signal.

### Property change signal handlers

A signal is automatically emitted when the value of a QML property changes. This type of signal is a property change signal and signal handlers for these signals are written in the form on<Property>Changed, where <Property> is the name of the property, with the first letter capitalized.

For example, the MouseArea type has a pressed property. To receive a notification whenever this property changes, write a signal handler named `onPressedChanged`:

     import QtQuick

     Rectangle {
         id: rect
         width: 100; height: 100

         TapHandler {
             onPressedChanged: console.log("taphandler pressed?", pressed)
         }
     }

Even though the TapHandler documentation does not document a signal handler named `onPressedChanged`, the signal is implicitly provided by the fact that the `pressed` property exists.

### Signal parameters

Signals might have parameters. To access those, you should assign a function to the handler. Both arrow functions and anonymous functions work.

For the following examples, consider a Status component with an errorOccurred signal (see Adding signals to custom QML types for more information about how signals can be added to QML components).

     // Status.qml
     import QtQuick

     Item {
         id: myitem

         signal errorOccurred(message: string, line: int, column: int)
     }

     Status {
         onErrorOccurred: (mgs, line, col) => console.log(`${line}:${col}: ${msg}`)
     }

Note: The names of the formal parameters in the function do not have to match those in the signal.

If you do not need to handle all parameters, it is possible to omit trailing ones:

     Status {
         onErrorOccurred: message => console.log(message)
     }

It is not possible to leave out leading parameters you are interested in, however you can use some placeholder name to indicate to readers that they are not important:

     Status {
         onErrorOccurred: (_, _, col) => console.log(`Error happened at column ${col}`)
     }

Note: Instead of using a function, it is possible, but discouraged, to use a plain code block. In that case all signal parameters get injected into the scope of the block. However, this can make code difficult to read as it's unclear where the parameters come from, and results in slower lookups in the QML engine. Injecting parameters in this way is deprecated, and will cause runtime warnings if the parameter is actually used.

#### Using the arguments special object

In JavaScript you can refer to the `arguments` special object, which, when available, allows to access the values of the arguments passed to a non-arrow function as an array-like object.

It is usually available in the body of a function or code block that is assigned to a signal handler.

When a code block or an anonymous function is assigned to the signal handler, the special `arguments` object will provide the arguments that were passed over by the signal.

For example, both of the following will print `[object Arguments] world undefined`:

     import QtQml

     QtObject {
         id: root

         signal hello(message: string)

         onHello: { console.log(arguments, arguments[0], arguments[1]) }

         Component.onCompleted: root.hello("world")
     }

     import QtQml

     QtObject {
         id: root

         signal hello(message: string)

         onHello: function () { console.log(arguments, arguments[0], arguments[1]) }

         Component.onCompleted: root.hello("world")
     }

The behavior will differ when an arrow function is assigned to the signal handler. Then, it will still be possible to access the `arguments` special object, but it will be an empty array-like object.

For example, the following will print `[object Arguments] undefined undefined`:

     import QtQml

     QtObject {
         id: root

         signal hello(message: string)

         onHello: () => { console.log(arguments, arguments[0], arguments[1]) }

         Component.onCompleted: root.hello("world")
     }

The difference in behavior is due to the way the `arguments` special object interacts with arrow functions but is consistent with the general behavior for bindings.

By specification, an arrow function does not carry its own `arguments` special object. As an arrow function still borrows from its enclosing context, it can borrow the `arguments` special object if one is available.

A binding provides its own scope on evaluation. In particular, the retrieval of the underlying arrow function is performed in the scope provided by the evaluation of the binding.

In the scope of the binding no argument is provided, such that an empty `arguments` special object will be available and borrowed by the arrow function on retrieval.

As a non-arrow function does provide the `arguments` special object in its own scope it can refer to the arguments that were provided to the underlying function itself, which are the forwarded arguments provided by the signal.

Usage of the `arguments` special object should generally be avoided in favor of the usage of named parameters, which are more explicit and work consistently indepedently of the usage of an arrow or a non-arrow function.

### Using the Connections type

In some cases it may be desirable to access a signal outside of the object that emits it. For these purposes, the `QtQuick` module provides the Connections type for connecting to signals of arbitrary objects. A Connections object can receive any signal from its specified target.

For example, the `onClicked` handler in the earlier example could have been received by the root Rectangle instead, by placing the `onClicked` handler in a Connections object that has its target set to the `button`:

     import QtQuick
     import QtQuick.Controls

     Rectangle {
         id: rect
         width: 250; height: 250

         Button {
             id: button
             anchors.bottom: parent.bottom
             anchors.horizontalCenter: parent.horizontalCenter
             text: "Change color!"
         }

         Connections {
             target: button
             function onClicked() {
                 rect.color = Qt.rgba(Math.random(), Math.random(), Math.random(), 1);
             }
         }
     }

### Attached signal handlers

An attached signal handler receives a signal from an attaching type rather than the object within which the handler is declared.

For example, Component.onCompleted is an attached signal handler. It is often used to execute some JavaScript code when its creation process is complete. Here is an example:

     import QtQuick

     Rectangle {
         width: 200; height: 200
         color: Qt.rgba(Qt.random(), Qt.random(), Qt.random(), 1)

         Component.onCompleted: {
             console.log("The rectangle's color is", color)
         }
     }

The `onCompleted` handler is not responding to a `completed` signal from the Rectangle type. Instead, an object of the `Component` attaching type with a `completed` signal has automatically been attached to the Rectangle object by the QML engine. The engine emits this signal when the Rectangle object is created, thus triggering the `Component.onCompleted` signal handler.

Attached signal handlers allow objects to be notified of particular signals that are significant to each individual object. If there was no `Component.onCompleted` attached signal handler, for example, an object could not receive this notification without registering for some special signal from some special object. The attached signal handler mechanism enables objects to receive particular signals without extra code.

See Attached properties and attached signal handlers for more information on attached signal handlers.

## Adding signals to custom QML types

Signals can be added to custom QML types through the `signal` keyword.

The syntax for defining a new signal is:

`signal <name>[([<type> <parameter name>[, ...]])]`

A signal is emitted by invoking the signal as a method.

For example, the code below is defined in a file named `SquareButton.qml`. The root Rectangle object has an `activated` signal, which is emitted whenever the child TapHandler is `tapped`. In this particular example the activated signal is emitted with the x and y coordinates of the mouse click:

     // SquareButton.qml
     import QtQuick

     Rectangle {
         id: root

         signal activated(real xPosition, real yPosition)
         property point mouseXY
         property int side: 100
         width: side; height: side

         TapHandler {
             id: handler
             onTapped: root.activated(root.mouseXY.x, root.mouseXY.y)
             onPressedChanged: root.mouseXY = handler.point.position
         }
     }

Now any objects of the `SquareButton` can connect to the `activated` signal using an `onActivated` signal handler:

     // myapplication.qml
     SquareButton {
         onActivated: (xPosition, yPosition) => console.log(`Activated at {xPosition}, ${yPosition}`)
     }

See Signal Attributes for more details on writing signals for custom QML types.

## Connecting signals to methods and signals

Signal objects have a `connect()` method to a connect a signal either to a method or another signal. When a signal is connected to a method, the method is automatically invoked whenever the signal is emitted. This mechanism enables a signal to be received by a method instead of a signal handler.

Below, the `messageReceived` signal is connected to three methods using the `connect()` method:

     import QtQuick

     Rectangle {
         id: relay

         signal messageReceived(string person, string notice)

         Component.onCompleted: {
             relay.messageReceived.connect(sendToPost)
             relay.messageReceived.connect(sendToTelegraph)
             relay.messageReceived.connect(sendToEmail)
             relay.messageReceived("Tom", "Happy Birthday")
         }

         function sendToPost(person: string, notice: string) {
             console.log(`Sending to post: ${person}, ${notice}`)
         }
         function sendToTelegraph(person: string, notice: string) {
             console.log(`Sending to telegraph: ${person}, ${notice}`)
         }
         function sendToEmail(person: string, notice: string) {
             console.log(`Sending to email: ${person}, ${notice}`)
         }
     }

In many cases it is sufficient to receive signals through signal handlers rather than using the connect() function. However, using the `connect` method allows a signal to be received by multiple methods as shown earlier, which would not be possible with signal handlers as they must be uniquely named. Also, the `connect` method is useful when connecting signals to dynamically created objects.

There is a corresponding `disconnect()` method for removing connected signals:

     Rectangle {
         id: relay
         //...

         function removeTelegraphSignal() {
             relay.messageReceived.disconnect(sendToTelegraph)
         }
     }

#### Signal to signal connect

By connecting signals to other signals, the `connect()` method can form different signal chains.

     import QtQuick

     Rectangle {
         id: forwarder
         width: 100; height: 100

         signal send()
         onSend: console.log("Send clicked")

         TapHandler {
             id: mousearea
             anchors.fill: parent
             onTapped: console.log("Mouse clicked")
         }

         Component.onCompleted: {
             mousearea.tapped.connect(send)
         }
     }

Whenever the TapHandler's `tapped` signal is emitted, the `send` signal will automatically be emitted as well.

     output:
         MouseArea clicked
         Send clicked

Note: Connections to function objects will stay alive as long as the sender of the signal is alive. This behavior is analogous to the 3-argument version of QObject::connect() in C++.

     Window {
         visible: true
         width: 400
         height: 400

         Item {
             id: item
             property color globalColor: "red"

             Button {
                 text: "Change global color"
                 onPressed: {
                     item.globalColor = item.globalColor === Qt.color("red") ? "green" : "red"
                 }
             }

             Button {
                 x: 150
                 text: "Clear rectangles"
                 onPressed: repeater.model = 0
             }

             Repeater {
                 id: repeater
                 model: 5
                 Rectangle {
                     id: rect
                     color: "red"
                     width: 50
                     height: 50
                     x: (width + 2) * index + 2
                     y: 100
                     Component.onCompleted: {
                         if (index % 2 === 0) {
                             item.globalColorChanged.connect(() => {
                                 color = item.globalColor
                             })
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
     }

In the contrived example above, the goal is to flip the color of every even rectangle to follow some global color. To achieve this, for every even rectangle, a connection is made between the globalColorChanged signal and a function to set the rectangle's color. This works as expected while the rectangles are alive. However, once the clear button is pressed, the rectangles are gone but the function handling the signal is still called every time the signal is emitted. This can be seen by the error messages thrown by the function trying to run in the background when changing the global color.

In the current setup, the connections would only be destroyed once the item holding globalColor is destroyed. To prevent the connections from lingering on, they can be explicitly disconnected when the rectangles are being destroyed.

Property Binding ◦ The QML Type System